A total of 161 persons were indicted in the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).[1] Since the arrest of Goran Hadžić on 20 July 2011, there are no indictees remaining at large.[2] This article lists them along with their ethnic origin, rank or occupation, details of charges against them and the disposition of their cases. The list includes those whose indictments were withdrawn by the ICTY.
The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, more commonly referred to as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia or ICTY, is a body of the United Nations established to prosecute serious crimes committed during the Yugoslav.
Dražen Erdemović, a Bosnian Croat fighting in the Bosnian Serb contingent, and Franko Simatović, an ethnic Croat and high-ranking official of the Yugoslav State Security Service, are the only indictees on this list who crossed either religious and/or ethnic lines. Biljana Plavšić is the sole female ICTY indictee.
Since the arrest of Goran Hadžić on 20 July 2011, there are no indictees remaining at large.[3]
The ICTY announced a verdict in its last ongoing case on November 22, 2017: Ratko Mladić, sentenced to life imprisonment,[4] Eight cases on listed as on appeal as of November, 2017.[4] 13 defendants were transferred to other courts,[4] with 11 being convicted, one of them, Rahim Ademi, acquitted, and another, Vladimir Kovačević, was ruled mentally unfit to stand trial in 2004. Additionally, it was reported that two acquittals (from 2013) had been overturned by an appeals panel and new trials are pending, for Franko Simatović and Jovica Stanišić.
![Yugoslavia Yugoslavia](http://www.icty.org/sites/icty.org/files/images/content/Infographic_facts_figures_en.jpg)
The list contains 161 names. 94 of these are Serbs, 29 are Croats, 9 are Albanians, 9 are Bosniaks, 2 are Macedonians and 2 are Montenegrins. The others are of unknown ethnicity or their charges have been withdrawn.
There are 62 convicted Serbs, 18 convicted Croats, 5 convicted Bosniaks, 2 convicted Montenegrins, 1 convicted Macedonian and 1 convicted Albanian in this list.
List of indictees[edit]
Status | Name | Ethnicity Former rank or occupation | Indictment | Verdict |
---|---|---|---|---|
Transferred to national courts | Rahim Ademi | Kosovo Albanian, Croat Army general | Operation Medak Pocket | Transferred to Croatian judicial system on 1 November 2005. Acquitted of all charges by the Zagreb District Court.[5] |
Died before trial complete | Mehmed Alagić | Bosniak, commander of 7th corps, Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 'Mujahadeen' actions in Central Bosnia | Died on 7 March 2003 during provisional release.[6] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Zlatko Aleksovski | Bosnian Croat, prison commander | War crimes in the Lašva Valley against Bosniak civilians | Sentenced to 7 years' imprisonment on 9 February 2000; released after one year.[7] |
Died before trial complete | Stipo Alilović | Bosnian Croat, soldier | Lašva Valley massacres against Bosniak civilians | Died before transfer to the Tribunal.[8] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Milan Babić | Croatian Serb, prime minister of Republika Srpska Krajina | For his part in ethnic cleansing in Croatia | Sentenced to 13 years' imprisonment on 18 July 2005.[9] He was found dead in his prison cell in The Hague in March 2006, an apparent suicide. |
Indictment withdrawn | Mirko Babić | Bosnian Serb | Indictment withdrawn on 8 May 1998.[10] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Haradin Bala | Kosovo Albanian, Kosovo Liberation Army prison camp guard | Direct participation in killings of Serb civilians in the Berisha mountainside war crimes regarding illegal imprisonment, cruel treatment, inhumane acts, and murder at the Lapušnik prison camp.[11][12][13] | Sentenced to 13 years' imprisonment on 27 September 2007.[14] |
Acquitted | Idriz Balaj | Kosovo Albanian, Kosovo Liberation Army special unit commander | Murder, rape and persecution of Serbs in western Kosovo | Found not guilty and released on 3 April 2008. Partial re-trial ordered on 21 July 2010.[15] Acquitted on 29 November 2012.[16] |
Indictment withdrawn | Nenad Banović | Bosnian Serb | Indictment withdrawn on 10 April 2002.[10] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Predrag Banović | Bosnian Serb, prison guard | Keraterm camp | Sentenced to eight years' imprisonment on 28 October 2003, Banović was granted early release on 3 September 2008.[17] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Ljubiša Beara | Bosnian Serb, colonel of Military Police | Srebrenica massacre; also war crimes in Žepa | Sentenced to life imprisonment on 10 June 2010.[18] Died in prison in Berlin on 8 February 2017. |
Sentenced by ICTY | Vidoje Blagojević | Bosnian Serb, Bosnian Serb Army officer | Srebrenica massacre | Sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment on 9 May 2007.[19] On 3 February 2012, Blagojević was granted early release after five years, effective 22 December 2012. |
Sentenced by ICTY | Tihomir Blaškić | Bosnian Croat, Croat Army general | Persecution of Bosniak Muslims[clarification needed] | Sentenced to nine years' imprisonment on 29 July 2004.[20] Initially sentenced in 2000 to 45 years imprisonment, his sentence was reduced on appeal.[why?] He was granted early release from prison in 2004. |
Died before trial was completed | Janko Bobetko | Croat, Croat Army chief of staff | Indicted for command authority of Operation Medak Pocket | Died before transfer to the Tribunal.[21] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Ljubomir Borovčanin | Bosnian Serb, Commander of the Republika Srpska Ministry of Interior Special Police | Srebrenica massacre | Sentenced to 17 years on 10 June 2010.[18] |
Indictment withdrawn (without prejudice) | Goran Borovnica | Bosnian Serb, soldier | Persecution, inhumane acts and murder of non-Serb Bosnians around the Prijedor area | Indictment withdrawn (without prejudice); missing since 20 March 1995 and declared dead since 22 November 1996.[22] |
Acquitted | Ljube Boškoski | Macedonian, interior minister of Macedonia | Ljuboten attack | Acquitted on 19 May 2010.[23] |
Acquitted after retrial | Lahi Brahimaj | Kosovo Albanian, member of the Kosovo Liberation Army | For his role in harassment, abuse, expelling, capture, imprisonment, murder, and torture of Serbian and Romany civilians from the villages surrounding the Glodjane region | Sentenced to six years' imprisonment. Partial re-trial ordered on 21 July 2010.[15] Acquitted on 29 November 2012.[16] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Miroslav Bralo | Bosnian Croat, HVO military policeman | For his role in the multiple murder, rape, torture, unlawful confinement and inhumane treatment of Bosnian Muslim civilians, including a number of children, in central Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) between January and mid-July 1993 | Sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment on 2 April 2007.[24] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Radoslav Brđanin | Bosnian Serb, president of the crisis staff of the Autonomous Region of Krajina | Indicted in connection with deportations, murders, torture, and persecution in the Autonomous Region of Krajina | Sentenced to 32 years originally, his sentence was reduced to 30 years on appeal in 2007, which he is serving in Denmark.[25] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Mario Čerkez | Bosnian Croat, HVO brigade commander | War crimes in the Lašva Valley against Bosniak civilians | Sentenced to six years' imprisonment on 17 December 2004.[26] |
Acquitted | Ivan Čermak | Croat, Army general | For his role in the permanent removal of the Serb population from the Krajina region, by force, fear or threat of force, persecution, forced displacement, transfer and deportation, appropriation and destruction of property and other means, which constituted or involved the commission of crimes | Acquitted on 15 April 2011.[27] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Ranko Ćešić | Bosnian Serb, member of the Intervention Squad in the Reservist Corps of the Bosnian Serb police force | Murder and sexual abuse in the Luka camp | Sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment on 11 March 2004; granted early release on 30 April 2014 (effective 25 May 2014).[28] |
Sentenced | Valentin Ćorić | Bosnian Croat, chief of the HVO's military police | For his role in administering Herceg-Bosna prisons and detention facilities as well as in combat and ethnic cleansing operations | Sentenced to 16 years' imprisonment.[29][30] |
Acquitted | Zejnil Delalić | Bosniak, commander of the First Tactical Group of the Bosniak forces | Indicted with having command and control over the Čelebići prison camp | Acquitted on 20 February 2001.[31] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Hazim Delić | Bosniak, Bosnian prison camp deputy commander | Murder and rape at Čelebići prison camp | Sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment on 8 April 2003; granted early release on 24 June 2008.[31] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Rasim Delić | Bosniak, chief of staff of the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina | For his failure to prevent the Mujahadeen members of the Bosnian army from committing crimes against captured civilians and enemy combatants (murder, rape, torture) | Sentenced to 3 years' imprisonment on 15 September 2008. On 11 May 2009, Delić was granted provisional release pending the hearing of his appeal. The appeals hearing was held on 19 January 2010. Delić died on 16 April 2010 while on provisional release pending the resolution of the appeals. On 29 June 2010, the Appeals Chamber terminated the appellate proceedings and announced that the Trial Chamber judgement should be considered as final.[32] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Miroslav Deronjić | Bosnian Serb, president of the Bratunac Crisis Staff | For attack on the village of Glogova | Sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment on 25 July 2005.[33] While serving his sentence, Deronjić died in hospital in 2007, aged 52, from cancer. |
Died before trial complete | Slavko Dokmanović | Croatian Serb, Mayor of Vukovar | Indicted in connection with killings of hospital inmates | Died in detention on 29 June 1998.[34] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Damir Došen | Bosnian Serb, shift commander at the Keraterm prison camp | Keraterm camp | Sentenced to five years' imprisonment on 13 November 2001.[35] |
Died before trial complete | Simo Drljača | Bosnian Serb, chief of the Public Security Station for Prijedor | Persecution, inhumane acts and murder of non-Serb Bosnians around Prijedor | Died before transfer to the Tribunal.[36] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Vlastimir Đorđević | Serb, army general | Deportation, persecution and murder of Kosovo Albanians | Sentenced to 27 years' imprisonment on 23 February 2011. Upon appeal, in 2014, his sentence was reduced to 18 years.[37] |
Died before trial complete | Đorđe Đukić | Bosnian Serb, member of the Main Staff of the Bosnian Serb army | Indicted for shelling civilian targets in Sarajevo | Died on 18 May 1996 during provisional release.[38] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Dražen Erdemović | Bosnian Croat, soldier in Bosnian Serb Army | Srebrenica massacre | Sentenced to five years' imprisonment on 5 March 1998.[39] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Anto Furundžija | Bosnian Croat, local commander of the HVO unit, Jokers | Torture of a Bosnian Muslim civilian at Nadioci | Sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment on 21 July 2000.[40] |
Transferred to national courts | Dušan Fuštar | Bosnian Serb, shift commander at Keraterm prison camp | Persecution, inhumane acts and murder of non-Serb Bosnians around Prijedor | Case transferred to Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 May 2006. Sentenced by the Bosnian Court to 9 years' imprisonment.[10] Fuštar was conditionally released on 15 June 2010, after having served two thirds of his sentence. The conditional release applied until March 29, 2011, when the sentence handed down by the second instance verdict expired.[41][42] |
Died before trial complete | Dragan Gagović | Bosnian Serb, chief of police in Foča | For his role in persecutions in Partizan Sports Hall detention centre | Died before transfer to the Tribunal.[43] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Stanislav Galić | Bosnian Serb, commander of Sarajevo Romanija Corps | Indicted for shelling and sniping of Sarajevo | Sentenced to life imprisonment on 30 November 2006.[44] |
Acquitted on appeal | Ante Gotovina | Croat, Army general | Crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war[clarification needed] | Conviction overturned on appeal on 16 November 2012.[27] |
Deceased; indictment withdrawn | Zdravko Govedarica | Bosnian Serb | Deceased; indictment withdrawn on 8 May 1998.[10] | |
Indictment withdrawn | Gruban (first name unknown) | Indicted for forced sexual intercourse, violation of the laws or customs of war and crime against humanity | Indictment withdrawn on 8 May 1998.[10] | |
Transferred to national courts | Momčilo Gruban | Bosnian Serb, guard shift commander at the Omarska camp | Omarska camp | Case transferred to Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 May 2006. On 16 July 2009, the appellate division of the State Court of Bosnian and Herzegovina reduced Gruban's sentence to seven years' imprisonment.[10] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Milan Gvero | Bosnian Serb, military assistant commander for Morale, Legal and Religious Affairs | Srebrenica massacre | Sentenced to five years' imprisonment on 10 June 2010.[18] |
Died before trial complete | Goran Hadžić | Croatian Serb, president of Republic of Serbian Krajina | Persecution, murder, torture deportation and wanton destruction in the Serbian Krajina | On 13 April 2015, Hadžić was granted provisional release on humanitarian grounds, due to his ill-health. The provisional release was renewed on 21 May 2015. On 26 October 2015, the Trial Chamber ordered a stay of the proceedings for an initial period of three months.[45] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Enver Hadžihasanović | Bosniak, ARBiH Brigadier General | Command authority over acts of murder and wanton destruction in central Bosnia | Sentenced to 3.5 years' imprisonment on 22 April 2008; released upon completion of sentence.[6] |
Acquitted | Sefer Halilović | Bosniak, ARBiH general | For massacres in the villages of Grabovica and Uzdol, Bosnia | Acquitted on 16 October 2007.[46] |
Acquitted | Ramush Haradinaj | Kosovo Albanian, prime minister of Kosovo | Indicted for action while regional commander of the Kosovo Liberation Army | Found not guilty and released on 3 April 2008. Partial re-trial ordered on 21 July 2010.[15] Acquitted on 29 November 2012.[16] |
Died before trial complete | Janko Janjić | Bosnian Serb, sub-commanders of the military police | Gang rape, torture and enslavement at Foča prison camp | Died before transfer to the Tribunal.[43] |
Died before trial complete | Nikica Janjić | Bosnian Serb, prison guard | Keraterm and Omarska camps | Died before transfer to the Tribunal.[10] |
Transferred to national courts | Gojko Janković | Bosnian Serb, held a position at Foča prison camp | Gang rape, torture and enslavement at Foča prison camp | Transferred to the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 8 December 2005. Sentenced by the Bosnian Court to 34 years' imprisonment on 19 November 2007.[47] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Goran Jelisić | Bosnian Serb, held a position at Luka prison camp | Indicted for genocide, murder, plunder, and inhumane acts at prison camps in Luka and Brcko | Sentenced to 40 years' imprisonment on 5 July 2001. On 29 May 2003, Jelisić was transferred to Italy to serve the remainder of his sentence with credit for time served since his 1998 arrest.[48] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Dragan Jokić | Bosnian Serb | Srebrenica massacre | Sentenced to 9 years' imprisonment on 9 May 2007; granted early release on 13 January 2010.[19] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Miodrag Jokić | Serb, admiral in Yugoslav Navy | Siege of Dubrovnik | Sentenced to 7 years' imprisonment on 30 August 2005; released from prison in 2008.[49] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Drago Josipović | Bosnian Croat, HVO member | Lašva Valley massacres against Bosniak civilians | Sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment on 23 October 2001.[8] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Radovan Karadžić | Bosnian Serb, former President of Republika Srpska | Genocide, Crimes against humanity and Violations of the laws or customs of war | Sentenced to 40 years' imprisonment on 24 March 2016, with credit for time served;[50] on 20 March 2019 sentenced to life on appeal.[51] |
Indictment withdrawn | Marinko Katava | Bosnian Croat | The indictment was withdrawn on 19 December 1997.[8] | |
Transferred to national courts | Duško Knežević | Bosnian Serb, held a position at Omarska prison camp | Omarska camp | Case referred to Bosnia and Herzegovina; sentenced by the Bosnian Court to 31 years' imprisonment.[10] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Dragan Kolundžija | Bosnian Serb, held a position at Keraterm prison camp | Keraterm camp | Sentenced to 3 years' imprisonment on 13 November 2001; granted early release on 5 December 2001.[35] |
Indictment withdrawn | Dragan Kondić | Bosnian Serb | Indictment withdrawn on 5 May 1998.[52] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Dario Kordić | Bosnian Croat | War crimes in the Lašva Valley against Bosniak civilians | Sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment on 17 December 2004. With credit given for time served since 6 October 1997, he was granted early release, effective 6 June 2014.[26] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Milojica Kos | Bosnian Serb | Omarska camp | Sentenced to 6 years' imprisonment on 2 November 2001, on 21 May 2002, Kos withdrew his appeal. He was granted early release on 31 July 2002.[53] |
Indictment withdrawn | Predrag Kostić | Bosnian Serb | Indictment withdrawn on 8 May 1998.[10] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Radomir Kovač | Bosnian Serb | Gang rape, torture and enslavement at Foča prison camp | Sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment on 12 June 2002, Kovač was granted early release, effective 30 June 2013.[54] |
Died before trial complete | Milan Kovačević | Bosnian Serb | Prijedor case | Died in detention on 1 August 1998.[36] |
Transferred to national courts | Vladimir Kovačević | Montenegrin Serb, Yugoslav army commander | Siege of Dubrovnik | A referral hearing was held on 15 September 2006, and, on 17 November 2006 the Referral Bench ordered that the case against Kovačević be referred to Serbia. On 1 December 2006, the Defence for Kovačević filed a notice of appeal against the decision on the referral. On 28 March 2007, the Appeals Chamber dismissed the appeal and affirmed the decision to refer the case to Republic of Serbia, where he was charged. A decision was later rendered finding him unfit to stand trial due to poor health.[55] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Momčilo Krajišnik | Bosnian Serb, prime minister of Republika Srpska | Genocide | Sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment on 17 March 2009; granted early release on 1 September 2013.[56] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Milorad Krnojelac | Bosnian Serb, Bosnian Serb prison commander | Gang rape, torture and enslavement at Foča prison camp | Sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment on 17 September 2003.[57] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Radislav Krstić | Bosnian Serb, Bosnian Serb Army general | Genocide | Sentenced to 35 years' imprisonment on 19 April 2004. Transferred to prison in Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland on 20 March 2014.[58][59] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Amir Kubura | Bosniak, 7th Muslim Mountain Brigade Chief of Staff | Command authority over acts of murder and wanton destruction in central Bosnia | Sentenced to two years' imprisonment on 22 April 2008 for 'plunder of public or private property'.[6] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Dragoljub Kunarac | Bosnian Serb | Gang rape, torture and enslavement at Foča prison camp | Sentenced to 28 years' imprisonment on 12 June 2002.[54] |
Acquitted | Mirjan Kupreškić | Bosnian Croat, HVO member | Lašva Valley massacres against Bosniak civilians | Acquitted on 23 October 2001.[8] |
Acquitted | Vlatko Kupreškić | Bosnian Croat, HVO member | Lašva Valley massacres against Bosniak civilians | Acquitted on 23 October 2001.[8] |
Acquitted | Zoran Kupreškić | Bosnian Croat, HVO member | Lašva Valley massacres against Bosniak civilians | Acquitted on 23 October 2001.[8] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Miroslav Kvočka | Bosnian Serb, policeman | Keraterm and Omarska camps | Sentenced to seven years' imprisonment on 2 November 2001; granted early release, after serving two thirds of his sentence, on 30 March 2005.[53] |
Indictment withdrawn | Goran Lajić | Bosnian Serb | Indictment withdrawn on 5 May 1998.[60] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Esad Landžo | Bosniak | Murder, torture and other abuses of Serb civilians at Čelebići prison camp | Sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment on 8 April 2003; Landžo was granted early release on 13 April 2006, after three years.[31] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Vladimir Lazarević | Serb, Army general | Charges of war crimes, deportation and forcible transfer, murder and persecution. | Sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment on 26 February 2009.[61] On 30 November 2015, it was announced that, after serving two-thirds of his 14-year prison sentence, Lazarević, was to be released from the UN detention centre in The Hague. He was officially welcomed upon his arrival in Belgrade on 3 December 2015. |
Acquitted | Fatmir Limaj | Kosovo Albanian, Kosovo Liberation Army; future minister Minister of Transport and Telecommunication in the government of the Republic of Kosova; senior official of the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK) | War crimes regarding illegal imprisonment, cruel treatment, inhumane acts, and murder at the Lapušnik prison camp.[11][12][13] | Acquitted on 27 September 2007.[14] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Milan Lukić | Bosnian Serb, commander of a paramilitary group called 'Avengers' or 'White Eagles' | Indicted for killing of up to 100 Muslims in vicinity of Višegrad | Sentenced to life imprisonment on 20 July 2009.[62] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Sredoje Lukić | Bosnian Serb, member of 'Avengers' | Indicted for killing of up to 100 Muslims in vicinity of Višegrad | Sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment on 20 July 2009.[62] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Sreten Lukić | Serb, Serbian police general | Command authority for crimes against humanity in Kosovo | Sentenced to 22 years' imprisonment on 26 February 2009; appeal filed.[61] Upon appeal, his sentence was reduced to 20 years on 23 January 2014.[63] |
Transferred to national courts | Paško Ljubičić | Bosnian Croat, 4th HVO Military Police Battalion commander | Lašva Valley massacres against Bosniak civilians | Case referred to Bosnia and Herzegovina; sentenced by the Bosnian Court to 10 years' imprisonment.[64] |
Indictment withdrawn | Zoran Marinić | Bosnian Croat | Indictment withdrawn on 3 October 2002.[65] | |
Acquitted on appeal | Mladen Markač | Croat, Colonel General | Indicted for crimes against humanity (persecution, inhumane acts), violation of the laws of war (violations of the laws or customs of war, murder and plunder or wanton destruction)[66] | Conviction overturned on appeal on 16 November 2012.[27] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Milan Martić | Croatian Serb; Prime Minister of Republika Srpska Krajina | Ethnic cleansing of Croats, Attacks on Zagreb; see Prosecutor v. Milan Martić | Sentenced to 35 years' imprisonment on 8 October 2008.[67] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Vinko Martinović | Bosnian Croat | War crimes against Bosniak civilians in the Mostar region | Sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment on 3 May 2006.[68] |
Transferred to national courts | Željko Mejakić | Bosnian Serb | Omarska camp | Case referred to Bosnia and Herzegovina; sentenced by the Bosnian Court to 21 years' imprisonment.[10] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Radivoje Miletić | Bosnian Serb | Srebrenica massacre | Sentenced to 19 years' imprisonment on 10 June 2010.[18] |
Died before trial complete | Slobodan Miljković | Bosnian Serb | Died before transfer to the Tribunal.[69] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Dragomir Milošević | Bosnian Serb | Siege of Sarajevo | On 12 November 2009, the Appeals Chamber rendered its judgement and reduced Milošević's original sentence down to 29 years' imprisonment, and subject to credit for time already spent in detention.[70] |
Died before trial complete | Slobodan Milošević | Serb, president of Serbia, president of Yugoslavia | Indicted for incidents while in authority during Kosovo War | Died in detention on 11 March 2006.[71] |
Acquitted | Milan Milutinović | Serb, President of Serbia | Indicted for incidents while in authority during Kosovo War | Acquitted on 26 February 2009.[61] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Ratko Mladić | Bosnian Serb, Bosnian Serb Army commander of the main staff | Genocide, complicity in genocide, crimes against humanity, and violations of the laws and customs of war | Sentenced to life in prison.[72] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Darko Mrđa | Bosnian Serb, Bosnian Serb police unit commander | Sentenced to 17 years' imprisonment on 31 March 2004; granted early release on 10 October 2013, after nine years.[73] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Mile Mrkšić | Croatian Serb, Yugoslav Army colonel, later Republika Srpska Krajina Army commander | Indictment in relation to Vukovar | In August 2012, Mrkšić was sentenced to 20 years in prison to be served in Monsanto high security prison in Portugal for the charges upon which he was convicted. He died three years later on 16 August 2015, aged 68.[74][75] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Zdravko Mucić | Bosnian Croat | Sentenced to nine years' imprisonment on 8 April 2003; granted early release after having served two-thirds of his sentence.[31] | |
Indictment withdrawn | Agim Murtezi | Kosovo Albanian, member of the Kosovo Liberation Army | Indictment withdrawn on 28 February 2003.[14] | |
Acquitted | Isak Musliu | Kosovo Albanian, Kosovo Liberation Army commander | War crimes regarding illegal imprisonment, cruel treatment, inhumane acts, and murder at the Lapušnik prison camp.[11][12][13] | Acquitted on 27 September 2007.[14] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Mladen Naletilić (a.k.a. Mladen Naletilić Tuta) | Bosnian Croat, paramilitary | War crimes against Bosniak civilians in Mostar area | Sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment on 3 May 2006.[68] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Dragan Nikolić | Bosnian Serb, Bosnian Serb prison commander | Sušica camp | Sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment on 4 February 2005.[76] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Drago Nikolić | Bosnian Serb, Bosnian Serb Army officer | Srebrenica massacre | Sentenced to 35 years' imprisonment on 10 June 2010.[18] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Momir Nikolić | Bosnian Serb, Assistant Commander of VRS Bratunac brigade | Srebrenica massacre | Sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment on 8 March 2006.[77] |
Transferred to national courts | Mirko Norac | Croat, General of HVO | Charged with war crimes in relation to Operation Maslenica and Operation Medak Pocket | Transferred to Croatia on 1 November 2005. Sentenced by Zagreb District Court to seven years' imprisonment. Released on probation in November 2011.[78][5] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Dragan Obrenović | Bosnian Serb, VRS lieutenant colonel | Srebrenica massacre | Sentenced to 17 years' imprisonment on 10 December 2003. He was released by orders from the ICTY in 2012.[79][80] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Dragoljub Ojdanić | Serb, Chief of the General Staff of the Yugoslav Army, Federal Defence minister of Yugoslavia | Charges of war crimes, deportation and forcible transfer, murder and persecution. | Sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment on 26 February 2009.[61] Ojdanić was granted early release in August 2013, and has since lived in Serbia.[81] |
Acquitted | Naser Orić | Bosniak, Bosnian Army commander of Srebrenica | Murder and wanton destruction on the basis of command responsibility | On 3 July 2008, the Appeals Chamber of the ICTY reversed the Trial Chamber's conviction and acquitted Orić of all charges brought against him.[82][83] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Vinko Pandurević | Bosnian Serb, Bosnian Serb Army general | Srebrenica massacre | Sentenced to 13 years' imprisonment on 10 June 2010; granted early release on 9 April 2015.[18] |
Acquitted | Dragan Papić | Bosnian Croat, HVO member | Lašva Valley massacres against Bosniak civilians | Acquitted on 14 January 2000.[8] |
Indictment withdrawn | Nedeljko Paspalj | Bosnian Serb | Indictment withdrawn on 8 May 1998.[10] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Nebojša Pavković | Serb, Chief of the General Staff of the Yugoslav Army | Charges of war crimes, deportation and forcible transfer, murder and persecution. | Sentenced to 22 years' imprisonment on 26 February 2009.[61] |
Indictment withdrawn | Milan Pavlić | Bosnian Serb | Indictment withdrawn on 8 May 1998.[10] | |
Acquitted | Momčilo Perišić | Serb, Chief of Staff of JNA/VJ | Command authority | Acquitted on 28 February 2013.[84] |
Sentenced | Milivoj Petković | Bosnian Croat, Chief commander of HVO | War crimes and ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks in Herzegovina[29] | Sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment; granted provisional release in 2008, after serving four years.[30] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Biljana Plavšić | Bosnian Serb, former President of Republika Srpska | Crimes against humanity[clarification needed] | Sentenced to 11 years' imprisonment on 27 February 2003; released after serving two thirds of her sentence.[85] |
Indictment withdrawn | Milutin Popović | Bosnian Serb | Indictment withdrawn on 8 May 1998.[10] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Vujadin Popović | Bosnian Serb, Bosnian Serb Army lieutenant colonel | Srebrenica massacre | Sentenced to life imprisonment on 10 June 2010.[18] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Slobodan Praljak | Bosnian Croat, HVO, Herceg-Bosna | Grave breaches of the Geneva conventions, violations of the laws/customs of war, and crimes against humanity | Sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.[29][30]Committed suicide 29 November 2017 by poison after learning that his guilty verdict was upheld. |
Sentenced by ICTY | Dragoljub Prcać | Bosnian Serb | Keraterm and Omarska camps | Sentenced to five years' imprisonment on 28 February 2005.[53] |
Indictment withdrawn | Draženko Predojević | Bosnian Serb | Indictment withdrawn on 8 May 1998.[10] | |
Sentenced | Jadranko Prlić | Bosnian Croat, Croat leader of Herceg-Bosna | War crimes in Herceg-Bosna | Sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment.[29][30] |
Sentenced | Berislav Pušić | Bosnian Croat, HVO officer | Ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks in Herzegovina | Sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment.[when?][29][30] |
Acquitted | Miroslav Radić | Serb, Yugoslav Army captain | Ovčara massacre after the Battle of Vukovar | Acquitted on 27 September 2007.[86] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Mlado 'Krkan' Radić (also known as Mladen Radić) | Bosnian Serb | Keraterm and Omarska camps | Sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment on 28 February 2005; granted early release on 13 February 2012 (effective 31 December 2012).[53] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Ivica Rajić | Bosnian Croat | Stupni Do massacre | Sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment on 8 May 2006; granted early release after five years on 22 August 2011.[87] |
Transferred to national courts | Mitar Rašević | Bosnian Serb | Gang rape, torture and enslavement at Foča prison camp | Transferred to the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 3 October 2006; sentenced on 28 February 2008 by the Bosnian Court to eight and a half years imprisonment.[88] At the end of May 2010, Rašević was conditionally released from the Penal and Correctional Facility in Foča.[89] |
Died before trial complete | Željko 'Arkan' Ražnatović | Serb, paramilitary leader | Died before transfer to the Tribunal.[90] | |
Indictment withdrawn | Željko Savić | Bosnian Serb | Indictment withdrawn on 8 May 1998.[10] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Duško Sikirica | Bosnian Serb, prison commander | Keraterm camp | Sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment on 13 November 2001, granted early release on 21 June 2010.[35] |
Franko Simatović | Ethnic Croat,[91][92] high-ranking official of the Yugoslav State Security Service | Acquitted on 30 May 2013.[93][94] However, his acquittal was overturned on 15 December 2015 by a United Nations' ICTY Appeals Chamber.[95] | ||
Sentenced by ICTY | Blagoje Simić | Bosnian Serb | Bosanski Šamac war crimes | Sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment on 28 November 2006; Simić was given credit for the time served since his arrest on 12 March 2001. On 15 February 2011, Simić was granted early release, effective 16 March 2011.[69] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Milan Simić | Bosnian Serb, member of the Bosnian Serb Crisis Staff and President of the Municipal Assembly of Bosanski Šamac (1992) | Bosanski Šamac war crimes | Sentenced to five years' imprisonment on 17 October 2002.[96] |
Indictment withdrawn | Pero Skopljak | Bosnian Croat; graduate theologian and former Roman Catholic priest; served as chief of police and President of the Executive Council of the HVO in Konjic | Indictment withdrawn on 19 December 1997.[26] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Milomir Stakić | Bosnian Serb, former mayor of Prijedor in northern Bosnia | Persecution, inhumane acts and murder of non-Serbs around Prijedor area | Sentenced to 40 years' imprisonment on 22 March 2006.[97] |
Jovica Stanišić | Serb, former chief of Serbian State Security Service | Acquitted on 30 May 2013.[93][94] However, his acquittal was overturned on 15 December 2015 by a United Nations' ICTY Appeals Chamber.[95] | ||
Sentenced by ICTY | Mićo Stanišić[98] | Bosnian Serb, former Bosnian Serb interior minister | Crimes against humanity; violations of the laws or customs of war[clarification needed] | Sentenced to 22 years' imprisonment[99] |
Transferred to national courts | Radovan Stanković | Bosnian Serb | Transferred to the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 29 September 2005; sentenced by the Bosnian Court to 20 years' imprisonment on 28 March 2007.[47] | |
Sentenced | Bruno Stojić | Bosnian Croat | Ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks in Herzegovina | Sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.[29][30] |
Died before trial complete | Vlajko Stojiljković | Serb; former Serbian interior minister | Indicted with Slobodan Milošević | Died before transfer to the Tribunal.[61] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Pavle Strugar | Montenegrin; Yugoslav Army general | Siege of Dubrovnik | Sentenced to 7.5 years' imprisonment on 17 July 2008.[100] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Nikola Šainović | Serb leader | Deportations and forcible transfers, murders and other forms of persecution.[101] | Šainović was granted early release,[when?], and has since lived in Belgrade.[102] |
Indictment withdrawn | Ivan Šantić | Bosnian Croat | Indictment withdrawn on 19 December 1997.[26] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Vladimir Šantić | Bosnian Croat, HVO member | Lašva Valley massacres against Bosniak civilians | Sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment on 23 October 2001.[8] |
Indictment withdrawn | Dragomir Šaponja | Bosnian Serb | Indictment withdrawn on 5 May 1998.[103] | |
Sentenced by MICT | Vojislav Šešelj | Serb; President of the Serbian Radical Party (SRS) | Three counts of crimes against humanity; six counts of violations of the laws or customs of war | Sentenced to 10 years on appeal on 11 April 2018.[104][105][106] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Veselin Šljivančanin | Montenegrin; Yugoslav army battalion commander | Ovčara massacre after the Battle of Vukovar | Sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment on 8 December 2010.[86] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Duško Tadić | Bosnian Serb; paramilitary and Omarska prison camp official; former Serbian Democratic Party leader in Kozarac | Omarska camp | Sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment on 26 January 2000; granted early release from prison on 17 July 2008.[107] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Miroslav Tadić | Bosnian Serb; chairman of the Bosanki Šamac 'Exchange Commission'[clarification needed] | Bosanski Šamac war crimes | Sentenced to 8 years' imprisonment on 17 October 2003.[69] |
Died before trial complete | Momir Talić | Bosnian Serb; general of 1st Krajina Corps | Genocide in the Krajina case | Died on 28 May 2003 during provisional release.[108] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Johan Tarčulovski | Macedonia; police officer | Ljuboten attack | Sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment on 19 May 2010; granted early release on 8 April 2013.[23] |
Indictment withdrawn | Nedjeljko Timarac | Bosnian Serb | Indictment withdrawn on 5 May 1998.[109] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Stevan Todorović | Bosnian Serb; head of police for municipality of Bosanski Šamac | Bosanski Šamac war crimes | Sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment on 31 July 2001.[69] |
Transferred to national courts | Savo Todović | Bosnian Serb, prison commander | Gang rape, torture and enslavement at Foča prison camp | Transferred to the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 3 October 2006; sentenced by the Bosnian Court to 12.5 years' imprisonment on 28 February 2008.[88] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Zdravko Tolimir | Bosnian Serb, Bosnian Serb Army assistant commander | Crimes against humanity; violations of the laws or customs of war | Sentenced to life imprisonment on 12 December 2012. Appeals court dismissed several counts of extermination and genocide, but left sentence of life imprisonment in place.[110] Died suddenly in prison on 9 February 2016. |
Transferred to national courts | Milorad Trbić | Bosnian Serb, Captain in military police | Srebrenica massacre | Transferred to the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 11 June 2007. Sentenced by the Bosnian Court to 30 years' imprisonment.[111] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Mitar Vasiljević | Bosnian Serb; paramilitary | Murder and crimes against humanity in vicinity of Višegrad | Sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment on 25 February 2004. On 6 July 2004, Vasiljević was transferred to Austria to serve his sentence. Credit was given for time served since 25 January 2000. On 12 March 2010, he was granted early release.[112] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Zoran Vuković | Bosnian Serb; soldier and prison camp official | Gang rape, torture and enslavement at Foča prison camp | Sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment on 12 June 2002; released in May 2008, after serving about two thirds of his sentence.[54] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Simo Zarić | Bosnian Serb, former major of Šamac | Bosanski Šamac war crimes | Sentenced to 6 years' imprisonment on 17 October 2003.[69] |
Indictment withdrawn | Milan Zec | Bosnian Serb | Indictment withdrawn on 26 July 2002.[100][113] | |
Sentenced by ICTY | Dragan Zelenović | Bosnian Serb, police officer | Gang rape, torture and enslavement at Foča prison camp | Sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment on 31 October 2007.[43] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Zoran Žigić | Bosnian Serb | Crimes in the Prijedor region[clarification needed] | Sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment on 28 February 2005; granted early release on 10 November 2014 (effective 16 December 2014).[53] |
Sentenced by ICTY | Stojan Župljanin | Bosnian Serb, senior police official in the Autonomous Region of Krajina | Indicted for persecution, wanton destruction, deportation, torture, murder in Krajina | Sentenced to 22 years imprisonment[99] |
Notes[edit]
- ^ICTY official site: Key Figures
- ^Serbia holds Croatia war crimes suspect Goran Hadzic '[BBC News Online]], 20 July 2011
- ^Serbia holds Croatia war crimes suspect Goran Hadzic '[BBC News Online]], 20 July 2011
- ^ abcICTY official web site: The Cases
- ^ abICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Ademi & Norac
- ^ abcICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Enver Hadžihasanović & Amir Kubura
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Zlatko Aleksovski
- ^ abcdefghICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Mirjan Kupreškić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Milan Babić
- ^ abcdefghijklmnoICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Željko Mejakić
- ^ abc'Genocide, War Crimes, and Crimes Against Humanity'. google.com.
- ^ abc'UN court acquits top Kosovo rebel'. BBC News. 30 November 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
- ^ abcInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Press Release: 'Haradin Bala, Isak Musliu, and Agim Murtezi Transferred to the ICTY following their Indictment for Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes', The Hague, 18 February 2003; retrieved 30 April 2015.
- ^ abcdICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Fatmir Limaj
- ^ abcICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Ramush Haradinaj
- ^ abc'Kosovo ex-PM Ramush Haradinaj cleared of war crimes'. BBC News. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Predrag Banović
- ^ abcdefgICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Vujadin Popović
- ^ abICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Vidoje Blagojević
- ^ICTY official website: Case Information Sheet: Tihomir Blaškić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Janko Bobetko
- ^IN RE Goran Borovnica, icty.org; accessed 2 July 2015.
- ^ abICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Ljube Boškoski
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Miroslav Bralo
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Radoslav Brđanin
- ^ abcdICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Dario Kordić
- ^ abcAnte Gotovina profile, ICTY.org; accessed 27 April 2015.
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Ranko Ćešić
- ^ abcdefICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić, and Berislav Pušić
- ^ abcdefSix Bosnian Croat ex-leaders convicted of war crimes, BBC News, 29 May 2013.
- ^ abcdICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Zdravko Mucić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Rasim Delić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Miroslav Deronjić
- ^ICTY official web site:Case Information Sheet: Slavko Dokmanović
- ^ abcICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Duško Sikirica
- ^ abICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Milan Kovačević
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Vlastimir Đorđević
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Đorđe Đukić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Dražen Erdemović
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Anto Furundžija
- ^Dušan Fuštar conditionally released on 15 June 2010, after having served two thirds of his sentence, internationalcrimesdatabase.org; accessed 25 December 2015.
- ^http://www.justice-report.com/en/articles/conditional-releases#sthash.afa9VYZd.dpuf
- ^ abcICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Dragan Zelenović
- ^ICTY official website: Case Information Sheet: Stanislav Galić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Goran Hadžić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Sefer Halilović
- ^ abICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Gojko Janković & Radovan Stanković
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Goran Jelisić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Miodrag Jokić
- ^ICTY official web site: Tribunal press release
- ^'UN appeals court increases Radovan Karadzic's sentence to life imprisonment'. Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
- ^Dragan Kondić judgement; accessed 27 April 2015.
- ^ abcdeICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Miroslav Kvoĉka, Dragoljub Prcać, Mlado Radić, and Zoran Žigić
- ^ abcICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovač, and Zoran Vuković
- ^ICTY official website: Case Information Sheet: Vladimir Kovačević
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Momčilo Krajišnik
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Milorad Krnojelac
- ^[1]
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Radislav Krstić
- ^Goran Lajić judgement; accessed 27 April 2015.
- ^ abcdefICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Nikola Šainović
- ^ abICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Milan Lukić
- ^http://www.icty.org/en/press/convictions-kosovo-crimes-upheld-four-senior-serbian-officials
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Paško Ljubičić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Zoran Marinić
- ^Ivan Čermak and Mladen Markač Indicted for 7 Counts of Crimes Against Humanity and Violations of the Laws or Customs of War, ICTY, 8 March 2004.
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Milan Martić
- ^ abICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Mladen 'Tuta' Naletilić
- ^ abcdeICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Blagoje Simić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Dragomir Milošević
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Slobodan Milošević
- ^'Ratko Mladic found guilty'. The Guardian.
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Darko Mrđa
- ^Mile Mrkšić dies, jutarnji.hr; accessed 21 August 2015.
- ^Mile Mrksic, a Serb Army Officer Convicted of War Crimes, Dies at 68, nytimes.com; accessed 11 March 2016.
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Dragan Nikolić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Momir NikolićArchived 2012-08-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Norac, Petrač i Sulić izašli iz zatvora, index.hr; accessed 13 July 2015.‹See Tfd›(in Croatian)
- ^RE Dragan Obrenović, aftenposten.no; accessed 24 March 2015.‹See Tfd›(in Norwegian)
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Dragan Obrenović
- ^Ojdanić to be released early, icty.org; accessed 25 December 2015.
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Naser Orić
- ^'Srebrenica Commander Naser Orić Charged With War Crimes: Former Bosnian Army general Naser Orić, who led Bosniak forces in battles against Serb troops in Srebrenica, was charged with war crimes against Serb prisoners in the area in 1992', balkaninsight.com, 27 August 2015; accessed 25 December 2015.
- ^Profile: Momčilo Perišić, ICTY.org, 28 February 2013; accessed 27 April 2015.
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Biljana Plavšić
- ^ abICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Mile MrkšićArchived 2012-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Ivica Rajić
- ^ abICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Mitar Rašević & Savo Todović
- ^Mitar Rašević conditional release, justice-report.com; accessed 25 December 2015.
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Željko 'Arkan' Ražnatović
- ^'Franko Simatović: The Croat who heads Milošević's secret police'
- ^The Hague: Ex-Paramilitary Leader Pleads Not Guilty, nytimes.com, 3 June 2003; accessed 25 December 2015.
- ^ abICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Jovica Stanišić
- ^ abUN court acquits Serbian intelligence chief Jovica Stanišić of war crimes, BBC NEWS, 30 May 2013.
- ^ abHague Tribunal approves provisional release of Simatović and Stanišić pending retrial, balkaninsight.com, 23 December 2015; accessed 26 December 2015.
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Slobodan Miljković, Blagoje Simić, Milan Simić, Miroslav Tadić, Stevan Todorović and Simo Zarić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Milomir Stakić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Mićo Stanišić
- ^ abMićo Stanišić found guilty of wartime persecution, msn.com, March 27, 2013.
- ^ abICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Pavle Strugar
- ^'Šainović profile'. BBC News. 26 February 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
- ^'Nikola Šainović profile], HagueJusticePortal.net; accessed 25 December 2015'.
- ^Dragomir Šaponja judgement; accessed 27 April 2015.
- ^'APPEALS CHAMBER REVERSES ŠEŠELJ'S ACQUITTAL, IN PART, AND CONVICTS HIM OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY'. United Nations Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^'UN court sentences ultranationalist Serb leader to 10 years'. TRT World. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^'Serbia: Conviction of war criminal delivers long overdue justice to victims'. Amnesty International. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Duško Tadić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Momir Talić
- ^Nedjeljko Timarac judgement; accessed 27 April 2015.
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Zdravko Tolimir
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Milorad Trbić
- ^ICTY official web site: Case Information Sheet: Mitar Vasiljević
- ^Milan Zec profileArchived 2012-04-24 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 2 July 2015.
References[edit]
- ICTY official site: The Cases
- ICTY official site: Key Figures
- ICTY official site: Judgement List
- CRS Report for Congress: Balkan Cooperation on War Crimes, Julie Kim, Specialist in International Relations Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, 14 January 2008
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia | |
---|---|
Established | 25 May 1993 |
Country | United Nations |
Location | The Hague, Netherlands |
Coordinates | Lua error in Module:Coordinates at line 668: callParserFunction: function '#coordinates' was not found. |
Authorized by | United Nations Security Council Resolution 827 |
Judge term length | Four years |
Number of positions | 16 permanent 12 ad litem |
Website | Official website of ICTY |
President | |
Currently | Carmel Agius (Malta) |
Since | 17 November 2015 |
The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, more commonly referred to as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia or ICTY, is a body of the United Nations established to prosecute serious crimes committed during the Yugoslav Wars, and to try their perpetrators. The tribunal is an ad hoc court which is located in The Hague, Netherlands.
The Court was established by Resolution 827 of the United Nations Security Council, which was passed on 25 May 1993. It has jurisdiction over four clusters of crimes committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991: grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide, and crimes against humanity. The maximum sentence it can impose is life imprisonment. Various countries have signed agreements with the UN to carry out custodial sentences.
The final indictments were issued in December 2004, the last of which were confirmed and unsealed in the spring of 2005.[1] The Tribunal had aimed to complete all trials by the end of 2012 and all appeals by 2015,[2] with the exception of Radovan Karadžić whose trial was expected to end in 2014[2] and Ratko Mladić and Goran Hadžić, who were not arrested until 2011.
The United Nations Security Council called upon the Tribunal to finish its work by 31 December 2014 to prepare for its closure and transfer of its responsibilities to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals which began functioning for the ICTY branch on 1 July 2013. The Tribunal will conduct and complete all outstanding first instance trials, including those of Karadžić, Mladić and Hadžić. It will conduct and complete all appeal proceedings for which the notice of appeal against the judgement or sentence was filed before 1 July 2013. Any appeals for which notice is filed after that date will be handled by the Residual Mechanism.[3] Hadžić became the last of 161 indicted fugitives to be arrested after Serbian President Boris Tadić announced his arrest on 20 July 2011.[4]
- 1History
- 2Organization
- 2.2Chambers
- 3Indictees
- 4Criticism
History
Yugoslav Wars and Genocide
The former state of Yugoslavia was divided into separate republics, leading to a war that caused severe civilian casualties on all sides. When discussing the events of the 1990s, historians and sociologists have used the phrases war crimes and genocide to describe the actions of military leaders, especially those of Croatia and Bosnia. The term genocide is often controversial – and is separate in meaning to mass killing – because it implies the killing and displacement of an entire ethnic, national, racial, religious or political group [5] During the Yugoslav Wars the Srebrenica Massacre became the most infamous systematic killing of a religious group on European soil since the Holocaust. At least 7,475 Muslim men, women and children were killed by Serbian troops.[6]
Coined after World War Two by Rafael Lemkin and adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948,[7] the term has developed into one of the most crucial laws of international co-operation. In its brief history in international law, the understanding of genocide has helped law makers to create a reasonable method for prosecuting accused perpetrators of “the crimes of crimes” as stated by historian William Schabas[8] which has led to the creation of Tribunals such as the ICTY.
Creation
File:UN Secretary-General Report S25704.pdfUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 808 of 22 February 1993 decided that 'an international tribunal shall be established for the prosecution of persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991', and calling on the Secretary-General to 'submit for consideration by the Council … a report on all aspects of this matter, including specific proposals and where appropriate options … taking into account suggestions put forward in this regard by Member States'.[citation needed]
The Court was originally proposed by German Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel.[9] By 25 May 1993, the international community had tried to pressure the leaders of the former Yugoslavian republics diplomatically, militarily, politically, economically, and – with Resolution 827 – through juridical means. Resolution 827 of 25 May 1993 approved S/25704 report of the Secretary-General and adopted the Statute of the International Tribunal annexed to it, formally creating the ICTY. It would have jurisdiction over four clusters of crime committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991: grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide, and crime against humanity. The maximum sentence it can impose is life imprisonment.[citation needed]
Implementation
In 1993, the ICTY built its internal infrastructure. 17 states have signed an agreement with the ICTY to carry out custodial sentences.[10]
1993-94: In the first year of its existence, the Tribunal laid the foundations for its existence as a judicial organ. The Tribunal established the legal framework for its operations by adopting the rules of procedure and evidence, as well as its rules of detention and directive for the assignment of defense counsel. Together these rules established a legal aid system for the Tribunal. As the ICTY is part of the United Nations and as it was the first international court for criminal justice, the development of a juridical infrastructure was considered quite a challenge. However after the first year the first ICTY judges had drafted and adopted all the rules for court proceedings.[citation needed]
1994-95: The ICTY established its offices within the Aegon Insurance Building in The Hague (which was, at the time, still partially in use by Aegon)[11] and detention facilities in Scheveningen in The Hague (The Netherlands). The ICTY hired now many staff members. By July 1994 there were sufficient staff members in the office of the prosecutor to begin field investigations and by November 1994 the first indictment was presented and confirmed. In 1995, the entire staff numbered more than 200 persons and came from all over the world. Moreover, some governments assigned their legally trained people to the ICTY.[citation needed]
Operation
In 1994 the first indictment was issued against the Bosnian-Serb concentration camp commander Dragan Nikolić. This was followed on 13 February 1995 by two indictments comprising 21 individuals which were issued against a group of 21 Bosnian-Serbs charged with committing atrocities against Muslim and Croat civilian prisoners. While the war in the former Yugoslavia was still raging, the ICTY prosecutors showed that an international court was viable. However, no accused was arrested.[12]
The court confirmed 8 indictments against 46 individuals and issued arrest warrants. Bosnian Serb indictee Duško Tadić became the subject of the Tribunal's first trial. Tadić was arrested by German police in Munich in 1994 for his alleged actions in the Prijedor region in Bosnia-Herzegovina (especially his actions in the Omarska, Trnopolje and Keraterm detention camps). He made his first appearance before the ICTY Trial Chamber on 26 April 1995, and pleaded not guilty to all of the charges in the indictment.[citation needed]
1995–96: Between June 1995 and June 1996, 10 public indictments had been confirmed against a total of 33 individuals. Six of the newly indicted persons were transferred in the Tribunal's detention unit. In addition to Duško Tadic, by June 1996 the tribunal had Tihomir Blaškić, Dražen Erdemović, Zejnil Delalić, Zdravko Mucić, Esad Landžo and Hazim Delić in custody. Erdemović became the first person to enter a guilty plea before the tribunal's court. Between 1995 and 1996, the ICTY dealt with miscellaneous cases involving several detainees, which never reached the trial stage. Some of the accused had been arrested and others surrendered to the ICTY.[citation needed]
Accomplishments
In 2004, the ICTY published a list of five successes which it claimed it had accomplished:[13][14]
- 'Spearheading the shift from impunity to accountability', pointing out that, until very recently, it was the only court judging crimes committed as part of the Yugoslav conflict, since prosecutors in the former Yugoslavia were, as a rule, reluctant to prosecute such crimes;
- 'Establishing the facts', highlighting the extensive evidence-gathering and lengthy findings of fact that Tribunal judgments produced;
- 'Bringing to justice thousands of victims and giving them a voice', pointing out the large number of witnesses that had been brought before the Tribunal;
- 'The accomplishments in international law', describing the fleshing out of several international criminal law concepts which had not been ruled on since the Nuremberg Trials;
- 'Strengthening the Rule of Law', referring to the Tribunal's role in promoting the use of international standards in war crimes prosecutions by former Yugoslav republics.
Organization
The Tribunal employs around 900 staff.[15] Its organisational components are Chambers, Registry and the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP).
Prosecutors
The Prosecutor is responsible for investigating crimes, gathering evidence and prosecutions and is head of the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP).[16] The Prosecutor is appointed by the UN Security Council upon nomination by the UN Secretary-General.[17]
The current prosecutor is Serge Brammertz. Previous Prosecutors have been Ramón Escovar Salom of Venezuela (1993–1994), Richard Goldstone of South Africa (1994–1996), Louise Arbour of Canada (1996–1999), Eric Östberg of Sweden, and Carla Del Ponte of Switzerland (1999–2007), who until 2003, simultaneously served as the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda where she led the OTP since 1999. David Tolbert, the President of the International Center for Transitional Justice, was also appointed Deputy Prosecutor of the ICTY.[18]
Chambers
Chambers encompasses the judges and their aides. The Tribunal operates three Trial Chambers and one Appeals Chamber. The President of the Tribunal is also the presiding Judge of the Appeals Chamber.
Judges
There are 20 permanent judges and three ad litem judges who serve on the Tribunal.[19][20]
UN member and observer states can each submit up to two nominees of different nationalities to the UN Secretary-General.[21] The UN Secretary-General submits this list to the UN Security Council which selects from 28 to 42 nominees and submits these nominees to the UN General Assembly.[21] The UN General Assembly then elects 14 judges from that list.[21] Judges serve for 4 years and are eligible for re-election. The UN Secretary-General appoints replacements in case of vacancy for the remainder of the term of office concerned.[21]
On 21 October 2015, Judge Carmel Agius of Malta was elected President of the ICTY and Liu Daqun of China was elected Vice-President; they will assume their new positions on 17 November 2015.[22] His predecessors were Antonio Cassese of Italy (1993–97), Gabrielle Kirk McDonald of the United States (1997–99), Claude Jorda of France (1999–2002), Meron (again; 2002–05), Fausto Pocar of Italy (2005–08), Patrick Robinson of Jamaica (2008–11), and Theodor Meron of the United States (2011–15).
Name | State | Position(s) | Term began | Term ended |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abi-Saab, GeorgesGeorges Abi-Saab | Egypt | Permanent | 17 November 1993 | 1 October 1995 |
Afande, KoffiKoffi Afande | Togo | Permanent | 12 December 2013 | In office |
Cassese, AntonioAntonio Cassese | Italy | Permanent / President (former) | 17 November 1993 | 17 February 2000 |
Deschênes, JulesJules Deschênes | Canada | Permanent | 17 November 1993 | 1 May 1997 |
Karibi-Whyte, AdolphusAdolphus Karibi-Whyte | Nigeria | Permanent / Vice-President (former) | 17 November 1993 | 16 November 1998 |
Le Foyer De Costil, GermainGermain Le Foyer De Costil | France | Permanent | 17 November 1993 | 1 January 1994 |
Li Haopei | China | Permanent | 17 November 1993 | 6 November 1997 |
McDonald, GabrielleGabrielle McDonald | United States | Permanent / President (former) | 17 November 1993 | 17 November 1999 |
Odio Benito, ElizabethElizabeth Odio Benito | Costa Rica | Permanent / Vice-President (former) | 17 November 1993 | 16 November 1998 |
Sidhwa, RustamRustam Sidhwa | Pakistan | Permanent | 17 November 1993 | 15 July 1996 |
Stephen, NinianNinian Stephen | Australia | Permanent | 17 November 1993 | 16 November 1997 |
Vohrah, Lal ChandLal Chand Vohrah | Malaysia | Permanent | 17 November 1993 | 16 November 2001 |
Jorda, ClaudeClaude Jorda | France | Permanent / President (former) | 19 January 1994 | 11 March 2003 |
Riad, FouadFouad Riad | Egypt | Permanent | 4 October 1995 | 16 November 2001 |
Jan, Saad SaoodSaad Saood Jan | Pakistan | Permanent | 4 September 1996 | 16 November 1998 |
Shahabuddeen, MohamedMohamed Shahabuddeen | Guyana | Permanent / Vice-President (former) | 16 June 1997 | 10 May 2009 |
May, RichardRichard May | United Kingdom | Permanent | 17 November 1997 | 17 March 2004 |
Mumba, FlorenceFlorence Mumba | Zambia | Permanent / Vice-President (former) | 17 November 1997 | 16 November 2005 |
Nieto Navia, RafaelRafael Nieto Navia | Colombia | Permanent | 17 November 1997 | 16 November 2001 |
Ad litem | 3 December 2001 | 5 December 2003 | ||
Rodrigues, AlmiroAlmiro Rodrigues | Portugal | Permanent | 17 November 1997 | 16 November 2001 |
Wang Tieya | China | Permanent | 17 November 1997 | 31 March 2000 |
Robinson, PatrickPatrick Robinson | Jamaica | Permanent / President (former) | 16 October 1998 | In office |
Bennouna, MohamedMohamed Bennouna | Morocco | Permanent | 16 November 1998 | 28 February 2001 |
Hunt, DavidDavid Hunt | Australia | Permanent | 16 November 1998 | 14 November 2003 |
Wald, PatriciaPatricia Wald | United States | Permanent | 17 November 1999 | 16 November 2001 |
Liu Daqun | China | Permanent / Vice-President (current) | 3 April 2000 | In office |
Agius, CarmelCarmel Agius | Malta | Permanent / President (current); Vice-President (former) | 14 March 2001 | In office |
Fassi-Fihri, MohamedMohamed Fassi-Fihri | Morocco | Ad litem | 14 March 2001 | 16 November 2001 |
10 April 2002 | 1 November 2002 | |||
Meron, TheodorTheodor Meron | United States | Permanent / President (former) | 14 March 2001 | In office |
Pocar, FaustoFausto Pocar | Italy | Permanent / President (former) | 14 March 2001 | In office |
Güney, MehmetMehmet Güney | Turkey | Permanent | 11 July 2001 | In office |
Clark, MaureenMaureen Clark | Ireland | Ad litem | 6 September 2001 | 11 March 2003 |
Diarra, FatoumataFatoumata Diarra | Mali | Ad litem | 6 September 2001 | 11 March 2003 |
Janu, IvanaIvana Janu | Czech Republic | Ad litem | 6 September 2001 | 11 September 2004 |
Singh, AmarjeetAmarjeet Singh | Singapore | Ad litem | 6 September 2001 | 5 April 2002 |
Taya, ChikakoChikako Taya | Japan | Ad litem | 6 September 2001 | 1 September 2004 |
Williams, SharonSharon Williams | Canada | Ad litem | 6 September 2001 | 17 October 2003 |
de Zoysa Gunawardana, AsokaAsoka de Zoysa Gunawardana | Sri Lanka | Permanent | 4 October 2001 | 5 July 2003 |
El Mahdi, AminAmin El Mahdi | Egypt | Permanent | 17 November 2001 | 16 November 2005 |
Kwon, O-GonO-Gon Kwon | Korea, South | Permanent / Vice-President (former) | 17 November 2001 | In office |
Orie, AlphonsAlphons Orie | Netherlands | Permanent | 17 November 2001 | In office |
Schomburg, WolfgangWolfgang Schomburg | Germany | Permanent | 17 November 2001 | 17 November 2008 |
Lindholm, Per-JohanPer-Johan Lindholm | Finland | Ad litem | 10 April 2002 | 17 October 2003 |
Vasylenko, VolodymyrVolodymyr Vasylenko | Ukraine | Ad litem | 10 April 2002 | 25 January 2005 |
Argibay, CarmenCarmen Argibay | Argentina | Ad litem | 5 November 2002 | 18 January 2005 |
Martín Canivell, JoaquínJoaquín Martín Canivell | Spain | Ad litem | 2 May 2003 | 27 September 2006 |
Weinberg de Roca, InésInés Weinberg de Roca | Argentina | Permanent | 17 June 2003 | 15 August 2005 |
Antonetti, Jean-ClaudeJean-Claude Antonetti | France | Permanent | 1 October 2003 | In office |
Rasoazanany, VonimbolanaVonimbolana Rasoazanany | Madagascar | Ad litem | 17 November 2003 | 16 March 2006 |
Swart, AlbertusAlbertus Swart | Netherlands | Ad litem | 1 December 2003 | 16 March 2006 |
Parker, KevinKevin Parker | Australia | Permanent / Vice-President (former) | 8 December 2003 | 28 February 2011 |
Thelin, KristerKrister Thelin | Sweden | Ad litem | 15 December 2003 | 10 July 2008 |
Van Den Wyngaert, ChrisChris Van Den Wyngaert | Belgium | Permanent | 15 December 2003 | 31 August 2009 |
Bonomy, IainIain Bonomy | United Kingdom | Permanent | 7 June 2004 | 31 August 2009 |
Brydensholt, HansHans Brydensholt | Denmark | Ad litem | 21 September 2004 | 30 June 2006 |
Eser, AlbinAlbin Eser | Germany | Ad litem | 21 September 2004 | 30 June 2006 |
Hanoteau, ClaudeClaude Hanoteau | France | Ad litem | 25 January 2005 | 27 September 2006 |
Szénási, GyörgyGyörgy Szénási | Hungary | Ad litem | 25 January 2005 | 30 May 2005 |
Vaz, AndrésiaAndrésia Vaz | Senegal | Permanent | 15 August 2005 | 31 May 2013 |
Moloto, BakoneBakone Moloto | South Africa | Permanent | 17 November 2005 | In office |
Höpfel, FrankFrank Höpfel | Austria | Ad litem | 2 December 2005 | 3 April 2008 |
Nosworthy, JanetJanet Nosworthy | Jamaica | Ad litem | 2 December 2005 | 26 February 2009 |
Prandler, ÁrpádÁrpád Prandler | Hungary | Ad litem | 7 April 2006 | 7 June 2013 |
Trechsel, StefanStefan Trechsel | Switzerland | Ad litem | 7 April 2006 | 7 June 2013 |
Mindua, AntoineAntoine Mindua | Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Ad litem | 25 April 2006 | In office |
Chowhan, Ali NawazAli Nawaz Chowhan | Pakistan | Ad litem | 26 June 2006 | 26 February 2009 |
Kamenova, TsvetanaTsvetana Kamenova | Bulgaria | Ad litem | 26 June 2006 | 26 February 2009 |
Prost, KimberlyKimberly Prost | Canada | Ad litem | 3 July 2006 | 31 March 2010 |
Støle, OleOle Støle | Norway | Ad litem | 13 July 2006 | 10 June 2010 |
Harhoff, FrederikFrederik Harhoff | Denmark | Ad litem | 9 January 2007 | 28 August 2013 |
Lattanzi, FlaviaFlavia Lattanzi | Italy | Ad litem | 2 July 2007 | In office |
David, PedroPedro David | Argentina | Ad litem | 27 February 2008 | 13 September 2011 |
Gwaunza, ElizabethElizabeth Gwaunza | Zimbabwe | Ad litem | 3 March 2008 | 8 June 2013 |
Picard, MichèleMichèle Picard | France | Ad litem | 3 March 2008 | 8 June 2013 |
Kinis, UldisUldis Kinis | Latvia | Ad litem | 10 March 2008 | 18 April 2011 |
Flügge, ChristophChristoph Flügge | Germany | Permanent | 18 November 2008 | In office |
Baird, MelvilleMelville Baird | Trinidad and Tobago | Ad litem | 15 December 2008 | In office |
Hall, BurtonBurton Hall | Bahamas, The | Permanent | 7 August 2009 | In office |
Morrison, HowardHoward Morrison | United Kingdom | Permanent | 31 August 2009 | In office |
Delvoie, GuyGuy Delvoie | Belgium | Permanent | 1 September 2009 | In office |
Nyambe, PriscaPrisca Nyambe | Zambia | Ad litem | 1 December 2009 | 18 December 2012 |
Ramaroson, ArletteArlette Ramaroson | Madagascar | Permanent | 19 October 2011 | In office |
Khan, KhalidaKhalida Khan | Pakistan | Permanent | 6 March 2012 | In office |
Tuzmukhamedov, BakhtiyarBakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov | Russia | Permanent | 1 June 2012 | In office |
Sekule, WilliamWilliam Sekule | Tanzania | Permanent | 18 March 2013 | In office |
Niang, MandiayeMandiaye Niang | Senegal | Permanent | 30 October 2013 | In office |
Registry
The Registry is responsible for handling the administration of the Tribunal; activities include keeping court records, translating court documents, transporting and accommodating those who appear to testify, operating the Public Information Section, and such general duties as payroll administration, personnel management and procurement. It is also responsible for the Detention Unit for indictees being held during their trial and the Legal Aid program for indictees who cannot pay for their own defence. It is headed by the Registrar, currently John Hocking of Australia (since May 2009). His predecessors were Hans Holthuis of the Netherlands (2001–2009), Dorothée de Sampayo Garrido-Nijgh of the Netherlands (1995–2000), and Theo van Boven of the Netherlands (February 1994 to December 1994).
Detention facilities
Those defendants on trial and those who were denied a provisional release are detained at the United Nations Detention Unit on the premises of the Penitentiary Institution Haaglanden, location Scheveningen, located some 3 km by road from the courthouse. The indicted are housed in private cells which have a toilet, shower, radio, satellite TV, personal computer (without Internet access) and other luxuries. They are allowed to phone family and friends daily and can have conjugal visits. There is also a library, a gym and various rooms used for religious observances. The inmates are allowed to cook for themselves. All of the inmates mix freely and are not segregated on the basis of nationality. As the cells are more akin to a university residence instead of a jail, some have derisively referred to the ICT as the “Hague Hilton”.[24] The reason for this luxury relative to other prisons is that the first president of the court wanted to emphasise that the indictees are innocent until proven guilty.[25]
Indictees
The very first hearing at the ICTY was referral request in the Tadić case on 8 November 1994. As of August 2014, the Tribunal has indicted 161 individuals, and has already completed proceedings with regard to 141 of them: 18 have been acquitted, 74 sentenced, 13 have had their cases transferred to courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina (10), Croatia (2) and Serbia (1). Another 36 cases have been terminated either because indictments were withdrawn or because the indictees died before or after transfer to the Tribunal.[26] Of the 74 convicted, 51 were transferred to 14 different states where they served their prison sentences, excluding those whose sentences amounted to time spent in detention during trial.[27] 50 have served their term, and 3 died while serving their sentences.[28] Proceedings for another 20 indictees are still ongoing — 4 are in the trial phase and 16 are before the Appeals Chamber.[28]
The indictees ranged from common soldiers to generals and police commanders all the way to prime ministers. Slobodan Milošević was the first sitting head of state indicted for war crimes.[29] Other 'high level' indictees included Milan Babić, former President of the Republika Srpska Krajina; Ramush Haradinaj, former Prime Minister of Kosovo; Radovan Karadžić, former President of the Republika Srpska; Ratko Mladić, former Commander of the Bosnian Serb Army and Ante Gotovina, former General of the Croatian Army.
Haradinaj's trial began at The Hague on 5 March 2007[30] and the closing brief was given on 23 January 2008.[31] The final decision of the ICTY was expected in March 2008. On 3 April 2008, ICTY issued a public notice of the Haradinaj verdict, in which he was acquitted of all charges. The judge said much of the evidence had been non-existent against Haradinaj or at best inconclusive.[32] But he complained of witness intimidation, saying some witnesses had not testified because they had been afraid.[32] On 21 July 2010, the cases of UÇK (Kosovo Liberation Army) commanders Ramush Haradinaj, Idriz Balaj and Lahi Brahimaj were re-opened for trial.[33] However on 29 November 2012 all three were acquitted of all charges for a second time.[34]
The Cases
As of August 2014, there are four ongoing trials: Goran Hadžić, Ratko Mladić, Radovan Karadžić and Vojislav Šešelj. Each case is in the process of judgement by the courts, with the cases for Karadžić and Šešelj due in late 2015.[35] The case of Karadžić was brought to the public eye once again in July 2015 with the twentieth anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre which resulted in the deaths of as many as eight thousand men and boys by soldiers under the command of Karadžić.[36]
Controversy has played a part in the case of Šešelj, with one judge being disqualified in 2013 for having 'demonstrated an unacceptable appearance of bias in favour of conviction'.[37] which is in violation of Article 20 of the ICTY Statute.
Article 20 empowers the judges to 'ensure that a trial is fair and expeditious and that proceedings are conducted ... [to allow for the] full respect for the rights of the accused and due regard for the protection of victims and witnesses infusing due process[38]
Since late 2014 Šešelj has been in Serbia awaiting his verdict due to humanitarian reasons concerning his health, which has deteriorated over the course of the trial. Five further cases are at the appeals stage—Đorđević, Perišić, Popović et al, Šainović et al, and Tolimir cases.[39] An additional 23 individuals have been the subject of contempt proceedings.[40] Croat Serb General and former President of the Republic of Serbian KrajinaGoran Hadžić was the last fugitive wanted by the Tribunal to be arrested on 20 July 2011.[4]
Criticism
Skeptics argued that an international court could not function while the war in the former Yugoslavia was still going on. This would be a huge undertaking for any court, but for the ICTY it would be an even greater one, as the new tribunal still needed judges, a prosecutor, a registrar, investigative and support staff, an extensive interpretation and translation system, a legal aid structure, premises, equipment, courtrooms, detention facilities, guards and all the related funding.[citation needed]
Criticisms of the court include:
- Moscow has criticised the ICTY as being ineffective, costly and politically motivated
- On 6 December 2006, the Tribunal at The Hague approved the use of force-feeding of Serbian politician Vojislav Šešelj. They decided it was not 'torture, inhuman or degrading treatment if there is a medical necessity to do so... and if the manner in which the detainee is force-fed is not inhuman or degrading'.[41]
- Reducing the indictment charges after the arrest of Ratko Mladić, Croatian officials publicly condemned chief prosecutor Serge Brammertz for his announcement that the former Bosnian Serb General will be tried solely for crimes allegedly committed in Bosnia, not in Croatia.[42][43]
- Critics[44][who?] have questioned whether the Tribunal exacerbates tensions rather than promotes reconciliation,[45] as is claimed by Tribunal supporters. Polls show a generally negative reaction to the Tribunal among both Serbs and Croats.[45] A majority of Serbs and Croats have expressed doubts regarding the ICTY's integrity and question the tenability of its legal procedures.[45]
- 68% of indictees have been Serbs (or Montenegrins),[45] to the extent that a sizeable portion of the Bosnian Serb and Croatian Serb political and military leaderships have been indicted. Many have seen this as reflecting bias,[46] while the Tribunal's defenders have seen this as indicative of the actual proportion of crimes committed. However, Marko Hoare claimed that, aside from Milošević, only Momčilo Perišić (Chief of the General Staff of the Yugoslav Army), who was acquitted, has been indicted from the Serbian military or political top when it comes to wars in Croatia and Bosnia.[45]
- According to Hoare, a former employee at the ICTY, an investigative team worked on indictments of senior members of the 'joint criminal enterprise', including not only Milošević but also Veljko Kadijević, Blagoje Adžić, Borisav Jović, Branko Kostić, Momir Bulatović and others. However, Hoare claims that, due to Carla del Ponte's intervention, these drafts were rejected, and the indictment limited to Milošević alone.[47]
- There have been allegations of censorship: in July 2011, the Appeals Chamber of ICTY confirmed the judgment of the Trial Chamber which found journalist and former Tribunal's OTP spokesperson Florence Hartmann guilty of contempt of court and fined her €7,000. She disclosed documents of FR Yugoslavia's Supreme Defense Council meetings and criticized the Tribunal for granting confidentiality of some information in them to protect Serbia's 'vital national interests' during Bosnia's lawsuit against the country for genocide in front of the International Court of Justice. Hartmann argued that Serbia was freed of the charge of genocide because ICTY redacted certain information in the Council meetings. Since these documents have in the meantime been made public by the ICTY itself, a group of organizations and individuals, who supported her, said that the Tribunal in this appellate proceedings 'imposed a form of censorship aimed to protect the international judges from any form of criticism'.[48] (France refused to extradite Hartmann to serve the prison sentence issued against her by the ICTY after she refused to pay the €7,000 fine.)
- Klaus-Peter Willsch compared the Ante Gotovina verdict, in which the late Croatian president Franjo Tuđman was posthumously found to have been participating in a Joint Criminal Enterprise, with the 897 Cadaver Synod trial in Rome, when Pope Stephen VI had the corpse of Pope Formosus exhumed, put on trial and posthumously convicted.[49]
- Some sentences have been considered too mild sentences, even within the Tribunal,[50] complained at small sentences of convicted war criminals in comparison with their crimes. In 2010, Veselin Šljivančanin's sentence for his involvement in the Vukovar massacre was cut from 17 to 10 years, which caused outrage in Croatia. Upon hearing that news, Vesna Bosanac, who had been in charge of the Vukovar hospital during the fall of the city, said that the 'ICTY is dead' for her: 'For crimes that he [Šljivančanin], had committed in Vukovar, notably at Ovčara, he should have been jailed for life. I'm outraged.... The Hague(-based) tribunal has showed again that it is not a just tribunal.'[51] Danijel Rehak, the head of Croatian Association of Prisoners in Serbian Concentration Camps, said, 'The shock of families whose beloved ones were killed at Ovčara is unimaginable. The court made a crucial mistake by accepting a statement of a JNA officer to whom Šljivančanin was a commander. I cannot understand that'.[51]Pavle Strugar's 8-year sentence for shelling of Dubrovnik, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, also caused outrage in Croatia.[52] Judge Kevin Parker (of Australia) was named in a Croatian journal (Nacional) as a main cause of the system's failure for having dismissed the testimonies of numerous witnesses.[52]
- Some of the defendants, such as Slobodan Milošević, claimed that the Court has no legal authority because it was established by the UN Security Council instead of the UN General Assembly and so had not been created on a broad international basis. The Tribunal was established on the basis of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter; the relevant portion of which reads 'the Security Council can take measures to maintain or restore international peace and security'. The legal criticism has been succinctly stated in a memorandum issued by Austrian Professor Hans Köchler, which was submitted to the President of the Security Council in 1999. British Conservative PartyMEPDaniel Hannan has called for the court to be abolished, claiming it is anti-democratic and a violation of national sovereignty.[53]
- The interactive thematic debate on the role of international criminal justice in reconciliation was convened on 10 April 2013 by the President of the General Assembly during the resumed part of the GA's 67th Session.[54] The debate was scheduled after the convictions of Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač for inciting war crimes against Serbs in Croatia were overturned by an ICTY Appeals Panel in November 2012.[55] The ICTY president Theodor Meron announced that all three Hague war-crimes courts turned down the invitation of UNGA president to participate in the debate about their work.[56] The President of the General Assembly[who?] described Meron's refusal to participate [clarification needed] in this debate as scandalous.[57] He emphasized that he does not shy away from criticizing the ICTY, which has 'convicted nobody for inciting crimes committed against Serbs in Croatia.'[58]Tomislav Nikolić, the president of Serbia criticized the ICTY, claiming it did not contribute but hindered reconciliation in the former Yugoslavia. He added that although there is no significant ethnic disproportion among the number of casualties in the Yugoslav wars, the ICTY sentenced Serbs and ethnic Serbs to a combined total of 1150 years in prison while claiming that members of other ethnic groups have been sentenced to a total of 55 years for crimes against Serbs.[59]Vitaly Churkin, the ambassador of Russia to the UN, criticized the work of the ICTY, especially the overturned convictions of Gotovina and Ramush Haradinaj.[60]
Response to criticism
Supporters of the work of the ICTY responded to critics in various publications. In a response to David Harland's Selective Justice, Jelena Subotić, an assistant professor of political science at Georgia State University and author of Hijacked Justice: Dealing with the Past in the Balkans, responded that the critics of the Tribunal miss the point, 'which is not to deliver justice for past wrongs equally for 'all sides', fostering reconciliation, but to carefully measure each case on its own merits ... We should judge the work of the tribunal by its legal expertise, not by the political outcomes we desire.'[61]
Marko Hoare claims the accusations of the tribunal's 'selective justice' stem from Serbian nationalist propaganda. He wrote: 'This is, of course, the claim that hardline Serb nationalists and supporters of Slobodan Milosevic have been making for about the last two decades. Instead of carrying out any research into the actual record of the ICTY in order to support his thesis, Harland simply repeats a string of cliches of the kind that frequently appear in anti-Hague diatribes by Serb nationalists.'[62]
See also
References
- ↑'History of the office of the prosecutor'.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑ 2.02.1'ICTY Completion Strategy Report'(PDF). 18 May 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'UNSC Resolution 1966'(PDF).<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑ 4.04.1Serbia's last war crimes fugitive arrested, AlJazeera.net, 20 July 2011.
- ↑'Define Genocide'. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-07-30.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑'Lemkin, Raphael'. The UN Refugee Agency. Retrieved 2015-07-30.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Schabas, William (2000). Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes (First ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0 521 78262 7.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Hazan, Pierre. 2004. Justice in a Time of War: The True Story Behind the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. College Station: Texas A & M University Press
- ↑'Enforcement of Sentences'. Retrieved 31 July 2015.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑Pronk, E. The ICTY and the people from the former Yugoslavia - a reserved relationship.
- ↑''The Tribunal's Accomplishments in Justice and Law''(PDF). Retrieved 30 November 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'ICTY at a glance'. Un.org. 5 March 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Employment section of ICTY website'. Retrieved 29 April 2015.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Statute of the International Tribunal, Annex of Report S/25704 of the UN Secretary-General, Article 16(1)
- ↑Statute of the International Tribunal, Annex of Report S/25704 of the UN Secretary-General, Article 16(4)
- ↑'The former Prosecutors' section of ICTY website'. Retrieved 31 July 2015.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'The Judges'. ICTY. Retrieved 8 November 2013.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Twitter account post'. ICTY. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Today Judge Koffi Afande has been sworn in as a permanent Judge of the ICTY
<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles> - ↑ 21.021.121.221.3'Article 13bis'(PDF).<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Judge Agius and Judge Liu elected President and Vice-President of the ICTY'. ICTY. 2015-10-21. Retrieved 2015-10-21.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Profile: Scheveningen prison'. BBC News. 16 May 2012.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Evans, Judith (26 October 2009). 'Radovan Karadzic cell life'. The Times. London, UK. Retrieved 5 May 2010.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Stephen, Chris (13 March 2006). 'Milosevic jail under scrutiny'. BBC News. Retrieved 5 May 2010.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Infographic: ICTY Facts & Figures'(PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. January 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2013.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Enforcement of sentences'. United Nations Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals. Retrieved 4 August 2014.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
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- ↑'Closing Arguments in Haradinaj Trial'. Iwpr.net. 1 February 1981. Retrieved 30 November 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑ 32.032.1Hague court acquits Kosovo ex-PM from BBC News
- ↑'Partial re-trial for Haradinaj, Balaj and Brahimaj'. Icty.org. Retrieved 30 November 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Kosovo ex-PM Ramush Haradinaj cleared of war crimes'. BBC News. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'TPIY: The Cases'. ICTY.org. Retrieved 31 July 2015.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Remembering Srebrenicahttp://www.srebrenica.org.uk. Retrieved 31 July 2015.Missing or empty
|title=
(help)<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles> - ↑'Šešelj'. UN ICTY: The Cases. Retrieved 30 July 2015.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Stamper, Gwendoline (June 2011). 'Infusing Due Process and the Principle of Legality into Contempt Proceedings Before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda'. Michigan Law Review. 109 (8): 1555, 1551–1578. Retrieved 5 August 2015.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Cases'. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 4 August 2014.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'ICTY website Contempt Cases'.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Traynor, Ian (7 December 2006). 'War crimes tribunal orders force-feeding of Serbian warlord'. London, UK: The Guardian. Retrieved 16 September 2007.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Kosor will insist on expansion of indictment against Mladić'. Daily Portal. 3 June 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Croatia Crimes 'Won't Be Included' in Mladić Indictment'. Balkaninsight. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Jeffrey T. Kuhner (20 April 2011). 'New Balkan war? Hague convicts Croatian hero, incites designs for 'Greater Serbia''. World Tribune. Retrieved 29 April 2015.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑ 45.045.145.245.345.4Marko Hoare (April 2008). 'Genocide in Bosnia and the failure of international justice'(PDF). Kingston University. Retrieved 23 March 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'General jailed for Dubrovnik role'. BBC News. 31 January 2005. Retrieved 16 June 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Hoare, Marko (10 January 2008). 'Florence Hartmann's 'Peace and Punishment''. Wordpress.com. Retrieved 9 April 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'FLORENCE HARTMANN CASE: CONVICTION AND SENTENCE UPHELD ON APPEAL'. The Hague: Sense Agency. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Klaus-Peter Willsch (2 June 2011). 'Die Leichensynode von Den Haag [The Cadaver Synod at the Hague]' (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine. Retrieved 4 June 2011. <templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Ten years in prison for Miroslav Deronjić'. The Hague: Sense Agency. 30 March 2004. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
Judge Schomburg however thinks that the punishment is not proportional to the crime and is not within mandate and spirit of this Tribunal. According to him, the crime to which Deronjić pleaded guilty 'deserves a sentence of no less than twenty years of imprisonment'. In a brief summary of his dissenting opinion that he read after pronouncing the sentence imposed by the majority, Judge Schomburg criticized the prosecution for having limited Deronjić's responsibility in the indictment to 'one day and to the village of Glogova'. Schomburg added that the 'heinous and long-planned crimes committed by a high-ranking perpetrator do not allow for a sentence of only ten years', which, in light of his possible early release, could mean that the accused would spend only six years and eight months in prison. At the end of his dissenting opinion, Schomburg quoted a statement by one of Deronjić's victims. The victim said that his guilty plea 'can heal the wounds' that the Bosniak community in eastern Bosnia still feels 'provided that he is punished adequately'. According to the victim, 'a mild punishment would not serve any purpose'.
<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles> - ↑ 51.051.1Dejong, Peter (8 December 2010). 'War crimes court cuts Serb's massacre sentence'. The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 17 March 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑ 52.052.1Jelinić, Berislav (2 October 2010). 'Kevin Parker – The judge who freed the villains of Vukovar'. Nacional (weekly). Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑Hannan, Daniel (26 February 2007). 'He went unsung to his grave'. London, UK: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 May 2009.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Remarks on the Occasion of the Closing of the Main Part of the Sixty-Seventh Session of the General Assembly'. http://www.un.org. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
I will also convene several other high-level thematic debates in the months to come... our debates during the resumed part of the 67th Session.... Another will focus on the Role of International Criminal Justice in Reconciliation.
External link in|publisher=
(help)<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles> - ↑'Croatian President Shuns Jeremić's UN Debate'. Balkan Investigative Reporting Network. 29 March 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
Jeremić scheduled the debate on 'the role of international criminal justice in reconciliation“ after the ICTY acquitted [sic] two Croatian generals, Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač, of war crimes during the conflict in Croatia in 1995.
<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles> - ↑'ICTY isn't coming to Vuk Jeremić's UN General Assembly debate'. Croatia Business Report. 7 April 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
Not only the ICTY but all three war crimes tribunals turned down Jeremić's invitation, Meron said at a panel on the role of the Hague tribunals in the protection of human rights held at the Brookings Institution in Washington on Thursday.
<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles> - ↑'Jeremić: Odbijeni pritisci, debate će biti'. RTV Vojvodine. 7 April 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
On je kao skandalozno ocenio to što se predsednik Haškog tribunala Teodor Meron nije odazvao pozivu da se pojavi u UN, pod čijim patronatom sud funkcioniše.
<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles> - ↑Gladstone, Rick (16 April 2013). 'Serb Defends U.N. Meeting Boycotted by the U.S.'New York Times. New York. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
has 'convicted nobody for inciting crimes committed against Serbs in Croatia.'
<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles> - ↑'O Hagu na Ist Riveru'. Vreme. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Čurkin: Negativan primer Haškog tribunala'. Mondo (in Serbian). Tanjug. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013. <templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑UN War Crimes Tribunal profile, nytimes.com; 12 December 2012; accessed 29 April 2015.
- ↑David Harland's Attack on the ICTY, greatersurbiton.wordpress.com; accessed 29 April 2015.
Further reading
- Ackerman, J.E. and O'Sullivan, E.: Practice and procedure of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: with selected materials for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, The Hague, KLI, 2000.
- Aldrich, G.H.: Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, American Journal of International Law, 1996, pp. 64–68h
- Bachmann, Klaus; Sparrow-Botero, Thomas and Lambertz, Peter: When justice meets politics. Independence and autonomy of ad hoc international criminal tribunals. Peter Lang International 2013.
- Bassiouni, M.C.: The Law of the International Criminal Tribunal of the Former Yugoslavia, New York, Transnational Publications, 1996.
- Boelaert-Suominen, S.: The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) anno 1999: its place in the international legal system, mandate and most notable jurisprudence, Polish Yearbook of International Law, 2001, pp. 95–155.
- Boelaert-Suominen, S.: The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the Kosovo Conflict, International Review of the Red Cross, 2000, pp. 217–251.
- Cassese, Antonio: The ICTY: A Living and Vital Reality”, Journal of International Criminal Justice Vol.2, 2004, No.2, pp. 585–597
- Cisse, C.: The International Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda: some elements of comparison, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, 1997, pp. 103–118.
- Clark, R.S. and SANN, M.: A critical study of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, European Journal of International Law, 1997, pp. 198–200.
- Goldstone, R.J.: Assessing the work of the United Nations war crimes tribunals, Stanford Journal of International Law, 1997, pp. 1–8.
- Ivković, S.K.: Justice by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Stanford Journal of International Law, 2001, pp. 255–346.
- Jones, J.W.R.D.: The practice of the international criminal tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, New York, Transnational, 2000.
- Kaszubinski, M.: The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, in: Bassiouni, M.C. (ed.), Post-conflict justice, New York, Transnational, 2002, pp. 459–585.
- Kerr, R.: International judicial intervention: the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, International Relations, 2000, pp. 17–26.
- Kerr, R.: The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: an exercise in law, politics and diplomacy, Oxford, OUP, 2004.
- King, F. and La Rosa, A.: Current Developments. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, B.T.I.R., 1997, pp. 533–555.
- Klip, A. and Sluiter, G.: Annotated leading cases of international criminal tribunals; (Vol. III) The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 2000-2001, Schoten, Intersentia, 2003.
- Köchler, Hans: Global Justice or Global Revenge? International Criminal Justice at the Crossroads, Vienna/New York, Springer, 2003, pp. 166–184.
- Kolb, R.: The jurisprudence of the Yugoslav and Rwandan Criminal Tribunals on their jurisdiction and on international crimes, British Yearbook of International Law, 2001, pp. 259–315.
- Lamb, S.: The powers of arrest of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, British Yearbook of International Law, 2000, pp. 165–244.
- Laughland, J.: Travesty: The Trial of Slobodan Milošević and the Corruption of International Justice, London, Pluto Press, 2007.
- Lescure, K.: International justice for former Yugoslavia: the working of the International Criminal Tribunal of the Hague, The Hague, KLI, 1996.
- McDonald, G.K.: Reflections on the contributions of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, 2001, pp. 155–172.
- Mettraux, G.: Crimes against humanity in the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda, Harvard International Law Journal, 2002, pp. 237–316.
- Morris, V. and Scharf, M.P.: An insider's guide to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, African Yearbook of International Law, 1995, pp. 441–446.
- Murphy, S.D.: Progress and jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, American Journal of International Law, 1999, pp. 57–96.
- Panovsky, D.: Some war crimes are not better than others: the failure of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia to prosecute war crimes in Macedonia, Northwestern University Law Review, 2004, pp. 623–655.
- Pilouras, S.: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and Milosevic's trial, New York Law School Journal of Human Rights, 2002, pp. 515–525.
- Pronk, E.: 'The ICTY and the people from the former Yugoslavia. A reserved relationship.' (thesis)
- Roberts, K.: The law of persecution before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Leiden Journal of International Law, 2002, pp. 623–663.
- Robinson, P.L.: Ensuring fair and expeditious trials at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, European Journal of International Law, 2000, pp. 569–589.
- Shenk, M.D.: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda, The International Lawyer, 1999, pp. 549–554.
- Shraga, D. and Zackalin, R.: The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, European Journal of International Law, 1994, pp. 360–380.
- Sjocrona, J.M.: The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: some introductory remarks from a defence point of view, Leiden Journal of International Law, 1995, pp. 463–474.
- Tolbert, David: The ICTY: Unforeseen Successes and Foreseeable Shortcomings, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol.26, No.2, Summer/Fall 2002, pp. 7–20
- Tolbert, David: Reflections on the ICTY Registry, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol.2, No.2, 2004, pp. 480–485
- Vierucci, L.: The First Steps of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, European Journal of International Law, 1995, pp. 134–143.
- Warbrick, C. and McGoldrick, D.: Co-operation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1996, pp. 947–953.
- Wilson, Richard Ashby: ‘Judging History: the Historical Record of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.’ Human Rights Quarterly. 2005. August. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 908–942.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to [[commons:Category:{{#property:P373}}|International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]]. |
- International Progress Organization: Monitoring of the ICTY
- Del Ponte, Carla (2003). The role of international criminal prosecutions in reconstructing divided communities, public lecture by Carla Del Ponte, Prosecutor, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, given at the London School of Economics, 20 October 2003.
- Hague Justice Portal: Academic gateway to The Hague organisations concerning international peace, justice and security.
- Calendar of court proceedings before the ICTY: Hague Justice Portal
- SENSE News Agency, a special project based in ICTY
- War Crimes, conditionality and EU integration in the Western Balkans, by Vojin Dimitrijevic, Florence Hartmann, Dejan Jovic, Tija Memisevic, edited by Judy Batt, Jelena Obradović, Chaillot Paper No. 116, June 2009, European Union Institute for Security Studies
- Introductory note by Fausto Pocar on the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- Procedural history of the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- Lecture by Fausto Pocar entitled Completing the Mandate: The Legal Challenges Facing the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- Lecture by Fausto Pocar entitled Contribution of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to the Development of International Humanitarian Law in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- Lecture by Patrick Lipton Robinson, Fairness and Efficiency in the Proceedings of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law